[gfmucci]

A book I just bought for myself that I obviously thought was pretty helpful is "Florida Top 10 Garden Guide."* It gives the recommended top 10 plants for each of the 3 main climate zones of Florida in the following categories:

Annuals
Bulbs
Perennials
Roses
Shrubs
Trees
Palms
Vines
Ground Covers
Fruit Trees

His recommendations for Trees include:

Bald Cypress
Evergreen Magnolia
Flowering Dogwood (needs to be planted in broken shade - so this is not a "primary" shade tree)
Live Oak (water oak is a fast growing variety of Oak and would be good for quicker shade)
Maple (Florida Sugar Maple or Red Maple)
Pine (Loblolly, Longleaf, Sand, Slash) I like to plant thes in a cluster of 3 or 4, 7 or 8 feet apart - it makes a nice little shaded* "grove" - and the pine needles make a great self-sustaining ground cover.
Redbud
River Birch
Texas Olive
Trumpet Tree

Some of these grow faster than others.* Generally, the more they are fertilzed (e.g. twice a year with the requisite number of fertilizer stakes) and watered as specified, the faster they will grow, especially during the first 3 or 4 years after planting.

For instant shade, you will need to spend several hundred dollars for a 10 to 12 foot tall tree with a 3" calipre (radius as measured about 4' above ground level.)

Remember, the faster they grow, the more susceptible they are to wind damage - the wood is softer.* And usually, the faster they grow, the cheaper they are for a given size.