Maybe the best definition of "fair" in taxation would be that the amount is per capita!
Using a rate as a measure of fairness is a cheap trick used by the politicians who created federal income taxes. It was created to appeal to the broader base of lower income and wealth. Do people who pay more at the same rate get preferential services from the government?
With a flat tax, not rate, politicians could be asked how much their programs would cost per person. I can't think of a more effective tool to reduce the budget.
People can't fathom $1 billion. They can understand $3 per person.
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