As I understand it, granite can have occasional 'veins' or small fissures that occur naturally as it is forming. Granite comes in 5 or 6 grades. The 'higher' or more expensive the grade, the more 'movement' or flowing pattern.
Usually the 'higher grades' have more sweeps of color as well- but also may have more slight fissures, because of that. Each slice taken is different in that regard, even if it is from the same granite bed.
Most of these natural imperfections are filled and sealed in the process of polishing the slab. Today we have granite available from many sources around the world. Of course, they are polished before they arrive here. Some types have/need more 'fill' than others- it's good to recognize that visually, and easy to spot when choosing a slab.
As far as stain goes, things acid based- like vinegar, lemon, tomato, wine, etc. or harsh chemicals such as ammonia, bleach, etc. all have the potential to etch the surface of the stone over time, especially if residue remains or is allowed to sit. Etched stone is dull and porous and will accept stains if not protected.
I would not cut lemons, for example in a favorite spot habitually. Actually, I'd never cut anything sitting directly on the stone- just my habit.
In my opinion, a good installation includes finishing with a good once a year sealer, to get you started. (note: all sealers are not equal. Good guys know the good stuff) After that, it's a breeze to keep up.
I have to say, I don't put hot pans directly on the stone either. I might be weird, but always slap down a cutting board first, from my old days (pre-granite).
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