There is a survey done by the census bureau in non 10 year periods. It is described here:
https://www.census.gov/acs/www/ You can see the items relates to the American Community Survey and it is legit.
What is the American Community Survey?
The American Community Survey (ACS) is an ongoing survey that provides data every year -- giving communities the current information they need to plan investments and services. Information from the survey generates data that help determine how more than $450 billion in federal and state funds are distributed each year.
To help communities, state governments, and federal programs, we ask about:
•age
•sex
•race
•family and relationships
•income and benefits
•health insurance
•education
•veteran status
•disabilities
•where you work and how you get there
•where you live and how much you pay for some essentials
All this detail is combined into statistics that are used to help decide everything from school lunch programs to new hospitals.